Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has critical roles in signal transduction pathways, leading to cell growth and differentiation. EGFR expression levels vary among different breast tumor subtypes and ethnic groups. On the other hand, the relationship between EGFR expression at the mRNA level with clinicopathological characteristics in breast cancer has rarely been reported. Objectives: The present study focuses on the assessment of EGFR mRNA expression in breast tumors and the association of its expression with various clinicopathological features in Iranian patients with breast cancer. Methods: In this cross sectional study, the expression of EGFR was assessed by real time PCR technique in tumors of 52 Iranian women (27 luminal and 25 triple negative tumors) with primary breast cancer and 6 normal breast tissues. Results: The results of this study showed that EGFR mRNA was overexpressed only in triple negative tumors, and there is a high frequency of EGFR underexpression in luminal breast tumors, unlike triple negative tumors. We demonstrated that there is a significant positive correlation (r = 0. 662) between EGFR expression and the size of luminal tumors. In the current study, the increased expression of EGFR is significantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER) negative, progesterone receptor (PR) negative, and grade III in breast tumors. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the majority of patients with triple negative tumors are likely eligible to receive the anti-EGFR therapies. Also, it seems that EGFR expression probably has an association withtumorsize in luminal subtype of breast tumors.

Background: Breast cancer is a common cancer that affects women. The luminal A subtype of breast cancer is defined by low Ki67 expression (<14%), Her-2 negative, and positive ER and PR. luminal A exhibits a favorable prognosis compared to other breast cancer types. Materials and Methods: Gene expression profiling was employed in this investigation to discover genes linked to clinical efficacy and recurrence in luminal A breast cancer tissue samples. The study's overarching goal was to discover new therapeutic targets by deciphering the molecular mechanisms behind luminal A breast cancer. Results: Our analysis revealed specific genes linked to luminal A breast cancer, and their expression levels were correlated with clinical outcomes. High expression of certain genes was associated with improved clinical efficacy and a reduced recurrence rate. Conclusion: The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of luminal A breast cancer, offering potential targets for personalized therapeutic approaches.

Background: The close link between molecular subtypes and different histological types of breast cancer has recently been taken into consideration. Objectives: The present study aimed at evaluating the reproductive risk factors in relation to molecular subtypes and histological features of breast cancer in a large group of Iranian patients. Methods: This historical cohort study was conducted on 1988 women diagnosed as different subtypes of breast cancers recruited in 2011 to 2016 from cancer research center in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Data on molecular markers were obtained from hospital files obtaining originally from immunohistochemical staining technique. Based on the pathological reports in hospital recorded files, the histological patterns of the cancer was also determined. The patients were followed for 5 years to assess the 5-year survival and compared the survival across the different molecular subtypes. Results: The highest mean age was found for the group with HER2-overexpression and the lowest for those with luminal A (P = 0. 045). The most and the least tumor size was revealed in triple negative group and luminal A group, respectively (P = 0. 035). The mean number of lymph nodes involved in breast cancer was significantly higher in luminal B subtypes compared to luminal A and triple negative subtypes (P = 0. 004). The tumor stages III-IV were found in 31. 6% of patients with luminal A subtype, 42. 2% in patients with luminal B, 34. 3% in patients with HER2 overexpression, and 26. 0% in those with triple negative subtype (P = 0. 006). The histological patterns of the tumor were powerfully different in terms of the molecular subtypes of tumor so that luminal A subtype was found more in ILC pattern, luminal B subtype was found more in DCIS pattern, HER2-overexpression subtype was revealed more in DCIS pattern, and triple negative subtype was found more in IDC pattern. Based on the long-term survival analysis, 5-year survival was found to be 98. 3% in luminal A group, 98. 3% in luminal B group, 100% in HER2 overexpression, and 98. 1% in triple negative with no difference between different molecular subtypes. The lowest 5-year survival was found in the patients aged higher than 30 years at first pregnancy and live birth with triple negative subtype (survival rate of 75. 0%). The long-term survival was adversely associated with the tumor stage but independent to tumor molecular subtypes. Conclusions: Age at first live birth, tumor size, lymph node involvement, tumor stage, and histological pattern of breast cancer are linked to its molecular subtype. The lower long-term survival of breast cancer can be predicted by advanced age (especially in triple negative subtype) and by higher tumor stage independent to molecular subtype.

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy of females. Breast cancer is a heterogenic disease; it consists of several subtypes based on the expression of different genes. Risk factors associated with each subtype is not completely understood, yet. Moreover, recognizing the cancer subtypes may alter the treatment plan. The aim of this study was to evaluate different breast cancer subtypes in women more than 65-year-old. This was a cross-sectional study done on patients with breast cancer aged 65 years and older presenting to clinics of Emam Reza and Omid Hospitals, Mashhad, Iran between 2005 and 2015. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS ver. 16. P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 225 breast cancer patients age 65 and older were included in our study. When we categorized our patients by breast cancer subtypes, 69. 8% had the luminal A, B subtype, 23. 1% had Triple-Negative subtype, and the remaining 7. 1% had HER-2 enriched subtype. Different breast cancer subtypes in patients aged 65-year-old and higher were luminal A, B, HER-2 enriched and Triple-negative, respectively. We also showed that patients with luminal A, B subtypes had significantly higher BMI and BSA compared to other subtypes.

Background: Breast cancer normally occurs in elderly women, although it also affects young women. In the Limpopo province, South Africa over 38% of breast cancer occurred in younger women under 50 years of age. The main objectives of the study were to identify the characteristics of breast cancer in women >50 years and <50 years and to categorise any differences (histological type, stage, grading and molecular subtype) exist between these two groups of breast cancer patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional design study to analyse the profile of women >50 and <50 years with breast cancer who attended Mankweng Breast Oncology Clinic from July 2020 to December 2021. Patient demographics were summarised using descriptive statistics. Categorical variables were expressed as proportions and frequency. Association between categorical variables was done using a Chi-square test. Results: Total 222 patients. Age: >50 years-old: 131(59%),<50 years old: 91(41%). Age: >50 years group: Early stage: 49(37. 4%), late stage: 82(62. 6%). Molecular subtype: luminal A: 23(17. 6%),luminal B: 67(51. 2%),HER-2 overexpression: 21(16%),triple negative: 20(15. 3%). Histological type: invasive ductal carcinoma: 126(96. 2%). Age: <50 years group: Early stage: 31(34. 1%), late stage: 60(65. 9%). Molecular subtype: luminal A: 28(30. 8%),luminal B: 40(44%),HER-2 overexpression: 5(5. 5%),triple negative: 18(19. 8%). Histological type: invasive ductal carcinoma: 89(98%). Conclusion: Majority of patients presented at an advanced stage in both groups. HER2 overexpression molecular subtype was higher in the >50-year patient group in compared to <50 years group (p-value 0. 016). Health education and breast cancer awareness campaigns are essential for all women, young and elderly in the Limpopo province.

Background: Due to high radiation- sensitivity of breast cancer (BC) patients, use of radioprotectors to ameliorate the deleterious effects of radiation could be a priority. This study aimed to evaluate the reducing effects of saffron and melatonin on ionizing radiation-induced damages in lymphocytes of luminal A & B BC patients using cytome assay. Materials and Methods: Whole blood samples were collected from BC patients as well as healthy individuals. Cells were treated with either melatonin or saffron two hours prior to irradiation of G0 lymphocytes using a 6 MV linear accelerator, at a dose of 3Gy. Thirty-six hours after PHA stimulation, Cytochalasin-B was added to the cultures. Cell harvesting and staining was performed using standard method. 1000 binucleate cells were scored per sample for the frequency of micronuclei (MN) or apoptosis under a 1000x light microscope. Results: The frequency of background MN was significantly lower in normal individuals compared to BC patients. Pretreatments of "saffron and melatonin" alone made no significant changes in the frequency of MN in all groups. However, after 3Gy-irradiation the frequency of MN elevated dramatically (p<0.01). Pretreatment of lymphocytes with melatonin and saffron led to a decrease in the frequency of MN in all treatment groups (p<0.05). In terms of apoptosis induction, only melatonin was found to exert reducing effect on radiation induced apoptosis. No radioprotection was observed for saffron in lymphocytes of BC patients. Conclusion: Obtained results elucidated more pronounced role of melatonin in decreasing MN and apoptosis frequencies post irradiation in lymphocytes of BC patients.

Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer inwomen, with different survival rates depending on the patients’,characteristics. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate breast cancer patients’,characteristics and survival rates in the southeast of Iran. Methods: The recorded data of breast cancer patients treated were collected from 2004 to 2020 in the Radiation Oncology Department of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The log-rank test was used to compare OS based on various factors. Three modeling strategies were considered to examine the patients’,survival using multiple Cox regression models. Results: The study included 309 patients who met the inclusion criteria,153 (49. 5%) were under 51 years of age. luminal A intrinsic subtype accounted for 18. 8% of cancer patients. Five-and10-yearOSrates were 86% and63%, respectively. Five-and10-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates for nonmetastatic patients were 82% and 60%, respectively. Multiple Cox regression showed that the percentage of the involved dissected lymph nodes, group stage, T-stage, M-stage, locoregional recurrence, and luminal subtype were independent prognostic factors for survival. Conclusions: Based on the results, the percentage of breast cancer patients under 50 years old is higher in the southeast of Iran compared to Western countries. In addition, the prevalence of the luminal A subtype is lower than in other regions. The survival results were consistent with other studies.

Background & Aim: Bloodstains can be found in most cases that a violent crime has occurred. DNA typing analysis can establish the genetic profile(s) of the participant in a violent crime. The recovery and detection of possible bloodstains at crime scene when a crime scene is cleaned up become even more important. Utilizing a new solution that comprises luminol, it is possible to detect latent bloodstains with high sensitivity and precision.Materials & Methods: Firs, luminol solution was prepared and through changing conditions and using different chemicals, the solution sensitivity was optimized, afterwards the solution examined with different blood proportions and dilutions and light intensity provided by the reaction between solution and blood was measured with the Luminometer. In addition, various surfaces and optical situations in the experiments were assessed. Eventually blood samples were used for DNA profiling.Findings: By means of the new luminol solution and comparing it with the elder one, in addition to very high sensitivity to blood on various surfaces, the reaction was performed up to 10-6 dilution. Furthermore this method has no need for absolute darkness and it provides the facility for taking Photos or records without DNA damage, therefore acquiring DNA typing results from very small bloodstains was feasible.Conclusion: Bloodstain is one of the most important biological evidence that remains in criminal scene. In most cases criminals try to wipe it out and one of duties of the forensic group is to detect such traces. Nowadays, criminal scene is inspected using UV and also the elder luminol solution that in the most cases are not sufficient. The goal of this study was to optimize and standardization of the elder luminol solution and analyzing the reaction results and with distinguish between true and false results. Hence with using this method, DNA typing can provide judge and inspectors with powerful evidence. Some advantages of the new solution are easy to use and preparation and also it does not have any harmful effects on DNA profile determination.